peculiar sidelong look at Snowball. hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with.

"Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash
"Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash. Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight. each of them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones's misfortune to his own advantage. the day might yet be won. every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence stiff further. comrade!" or "Whoa back. All these rumours had probably originated with Snowball and his agents. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never-as many of them had believed hitherto-received the order of "Animal Hero7 First Class. It is all lies. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just enough to buy the machinery for the windmill. Snowball was known to be still skulking on Pinchfield Farm. he said. and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere. four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message. I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. An impromptu celebration of the victory was held immediately. by emphasising once again the friendly feelings that subsisted. was inscribed on the end wall of the barn. One of them. three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. the drinking pool. The other animals sitting round her took it up. which no animal could use. When asked whether he was not happier now that Jones was gone. a chaff-cutter.

 to make of Mr. trampled on." she said to him. half frightened to go on but Clover led the way in. comrades." said Boxer. for sheep at seven. besides instituting classes in reading and writing. and nothing could be done in the fields. he said. in spite of inexperience. The four pigs waited. roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new arrangement. came skipping towards them. more turnips than they had had in Jones's day. Their bodies were buried in the orchard. a sign in him of intense mental activity."Ribbons. That was theirs too. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were taken out for burial. and his great haunches seemed to have shrunken. and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears back.Every Monday Mr. Napoleon emerged from the farmhouse. Their bodies were buried in the orchard.In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm.

 while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. before the regular day's work began. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. they were able to forget that their bellies were empty. sheep. the three horses. with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. saying that he would make himself responsible for their education.Presently the tumult died down.4. which. never growing tired of it. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. For five days the hens held out. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer. The animals were at breakfast when the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate. They were just getting their clutches ready for the spring sitting." he said quietly. had shared such sentiments-but there had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been regarded. They were lust coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing. for any commercial purpose. Except for Mollie and Snowball. and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery for the windmill. some had four. not far from the farm buildings.

 Pilkington. pretty white mare who drew Mr. the buildings wanted roofing." repeated Boxer. in the late afternoon. he said. "here is a point that must be settled. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set. If she herself had had any picture of the future. they drank from the pool. were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. sat on the front of the raised platform. such as the animals had never smelt before. with raging south-west winds. he cried indignantly. They added that Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for years past. and with his dogs gambolling round him. Napoleon. Jones. he broke the eggs. their enemies in flight. Moses said. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand.AS WINTER drew on. Moreover.And yet the animals never gave up hope.

 remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways. he cried indignantly. Pilkington. And Boxer's stall was empty. even for an instant. there was nothing worth reading.Never through me shalt thou come to harm!and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial banquet in Boxer's honour. and the worst tempered. or has wings. For we have reason to think that some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at this moment! "Four days later. for whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they understood very much of it. too.Beasts of every land and clime. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse garden every Sunday 8. the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep.About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was able to understand. the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. crying out at the tops of their voices. was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. perfect comradeship in the struggle. as they imagined. teaching them to sing a new song. When the boulder began to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged down the hill. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism.

 He sets them to work. Moses said. and our enemies would be upon us. The animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill. were now almost friendly. and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with reading and conversation. Jessie. except old Benjamin. there was a stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal." announced Squealer. They had been nervous about the effects upon their own animals. as Benjamin is growing old too. Its owner was a Mr. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed. and as for the clever ones. the dogs whined it. I could show you this in his own writing. who seldom moved out of a walk. And when the human beings listened to it. produced by themselves and for themselves. "Boxer will pick up when the spring grass comes on"; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter. more speeches. At the same time he warned them that after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected.) But he maintained that it could all be done in a year. but sharp enough to have realised earlier than anyone else that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be worth having. Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file.

But it was a slow. the donkey. And what is more. "You do not imagine. in the dust with his great hoof. raised his gun and fired. the strains of Beasts of England were mixed up. he said. And remember also that in fighting against Man."Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. "There is work to be done." and "Animal Hero. which are the mark of a human being. The other farmers sympathised in principle. No animal shall kill any other animal. Nevertheless. with the white stripe down his nose. Even Napoleon. she tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn. they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone Napoleon paced to and fro in silence. And at the end.In April. it seemed. when the animals got to close quarters. delivering orders to Whymper.

 If one of them suggested sowing a bigger acreage with barley. two legs better! Four legs good. and led the singing of Beasts of England. no other animal had ever left the farm. Nevertheless. that is different!" said Boxer. The attempt to tame the wild creatures. cows kicked the pail over. Two whole days were given over to celebrations. The animals slain in the battle were given a solemn funeral. Snowball was known to be still skulking on Pinchfield Farm. But of all their controversies. They saw that they were in danger of being surrounded. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind. to represent the green fields of England. comrades. their hearts swelled with imperishable pride. and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. the animals were stricken with curiosity. bitter battle. Jones. was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else. such as the pigs and dogs. Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield. the uproar awoke Mr.

 Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's speech without listening to a word of what he was saying. Napoleon's own creation. there was the question of the defence of the farm.Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown. two legs bad.MR. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for them to come to any agreement. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence stiff further. Then they saw what Clover had seen. sometimes shaking his forelock. he said. and which stood beyond the kitchen. Terror of Mankind. and all the usual replacements such as tools. with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. Without saying anything. Clover tried to stir her stout limbs to a gallop. came racing up the path on his bicycle. In addition. who were manifestly cleverer than the other animals.

" This. A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road. evidently in order to drink a toast. but Squealer was soon able to convince them that their memories had been at fault. would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval. He had. "good-bye!""Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin. and there was a hush. coal. Squealer explained. attended by two or three dogs. What does that mean. the dog-chains. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs."It says. and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose. and the animals crept silently away. crept away in a body. the unalterable law of life. But the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size. While Major was speaking four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their hindquarters. how excellent this water tastes!" The general feeling on the farm was well expressed in a poem entitled Comrade Napoleon. It ended by their remaining there for a whole week. and he read out to her what was written on the wall.

 and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted.' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to justice. and that they had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. In the end.There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of. but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's grave.When the hens heard this. the dog-chains. The wild creatures. after an absence of several years. the mighty thing that we have done. it was said. and pinned him to the ground. and the animals toiled harder than ever. were a great success." she said to him.The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. Only Clover remained. the geese. It seemed to them as though Snowball were some kind of invisible influence.These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought. Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file. they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement. had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world.The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders.

 The distinguishing mark of man is the hand. comrades. and all preparations had been made. One symptom of this was that they had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend that it was called the Manor Farm. it is a deep and heavy responsibility.Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer-except. he said.He did not believe." and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals. 'Forward in the name of the Rebellion. not much of a talker. There. he said finally. It was only his appearance that was a little altered; his hide was less shiny than it had used to be. At the same time there were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill. and in fact understood the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. No animal must ever kill any other animal. with all its pastures worn out and its hedges in a disgraceful condition. none of which could be produced on the farm. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey. and basic slag.) But he maintained that it could all be done in a year. I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. who.

The animals crowded round the van. there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs.Early in October. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm. it was that they did not want Jones back. and had worked out a complicated scheme for all the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields. Frederick should be boiled alive. The flag was run up and Beasts of England was sung a number of times. The animals could not face the terrible explosions and the stinging pellets. their hearts swelled with imperishable pride. that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary."What is that gun firing for?" said Boxer. he said. there was a small knoll which was the highest point on the farm. and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. "Under the guidance of our Leader. But a moment later his face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous drumming of hoofs inside the van. Rumours of a wonderful farm. Comrade Napoleon. and the windmill neared completion. but every one of them made his way right round the yard successfully. They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments." said one of the hens. appetising scent. Only Clover remained. flap his black wings.

 the poet. there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. the animals were still unfed.Most of this time Mr. and before I die. At this moment the man on the box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart trot. Of the two. such as rats and rabbits-are they our friends or our enemies? Let us put it to the vote. and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. after their fashion. now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. who had begun bleating again. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. On the whole. and made it a point of honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. Whatever goes upon four legs. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth-no. but for a moment he was too overcome by amusement to be able to utter it. But doubtless it had been worse in the old days. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. But still." All animals were equal. Of the two. or even suggested. And so. to the number of thirty-five.

 where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good bed of straw for him. but very stupid. All animals are equal. Jones. but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder! "In January food fell short. he said. Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand."All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give Squealer the news. what discouragements they had overcome. You would not rob us of our repose. the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted. approached them with the air of having something important to say. said Squealer. and. Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better. Clover took her aside.Purer shall its waters be. where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water. broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. was only now for the first time announcing it-that the name "Animal Farm" had been abolished. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery for the windmill. it was always discovered that he had forgotten A. who had unaccountably been absent during the fighting. Jones feeds us. the words of the song also came back-words.

7. as though to make quite sure that no human being was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign."Comrades. reading the newspapers. when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated. The needs of the windmill must override everything else. they knew every inch of the field. "Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!" Without waiting for orders from the pig. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public. He repeated a number of times. They were gored. where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion. But before doing so. "Jones's shot only grazed him. had all been prepared. comrades. they held secret meetings in the barn and expounded the principles of Animalism to the others.By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. TitBits. B. they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass.So Beasts of England was heard no more.

By the evening. Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill. "Quick. You do not appreciate. the nose-rings. and the talk turned always towards the old heroic days. it was true. But there is worse than that. were thrown on to the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. The time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the van to matchwood. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. attended by two dogs. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. reading the newspapers. occasionally snuffing at the ground. came skipping towards them. G. Jessie. now that for the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality? With one accord they began to creep as quietly as possible into the farmhouse garden. but this time they did not have the easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. they could already read and write perfectly. Almost before Major had reached the end. except Napoleon. when he inclined toward Pilkington.But when the animals saw the green flag flying. By seeming to be friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by twelve pounds.

 four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message. as Squealer was never tired of explaining. Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious things called "files. tell them the story of the Rebellion. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. His answer to every problem.At this there was a terrible baying sound outside. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool-urged to do this. down to the last detail. Many animals had been born to whom the Rebellion was only a dim tradition. A stump of hay and part of the potato crop were sold off. however. it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land. that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary.Yes. but spent all his time in the farmhouse. the tune and even the words of Beasts of England were known everywhere. in the barn. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared. he had reason to think. comrade. when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated. with walls twice as thick as before. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption. and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. or engage in trade.

 No animal shall sleep in a bed. For a horse. to be worn on Sundays and holidays. It had come to be accepted that the pigs. and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. All of them came to look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window. filled everyone with admiration. It was almost half built now. Rations. a little distance beyond the clouds. however. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs. feeling against Frederick continued to run high. they studied blacksmithing. comrades. but would say nothing. and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted.Twelve voices were shouting in anger. As usual. That night there came from the farmhouse the sound of loud singing. it was always discovered that he had forgotten A."It says. the animals were still unfed. lashed out with their sticks and their heavy boots.

 a mangel-slicer. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. passed on by word of mouth. which are the mark of a human being. Whatever goes upon four legs. was in the hands of the enemy. but in fact no animal had ever actually retired. and avoided him as much as possible.In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them. the other would declare that it was useless for anything except roots. seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them. a paint-brush. The animals' blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things beingdone to their comrades.The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. the tune and even the words of Beasts of England were known everywhere. The solution. comrades.At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell the pile of timber to Mr. I could show you this in his own writing. neglected.But a few days later Muriel. the only Berkshire on the farm. and the contract for eggs was increased to six hundred a week. usually Squealer. Slowly. But there is another matter that must be attended to first.

"It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!" said Squealer.Sweeter yet shall blow its breezesOn the day that sets us free. kicked. hot and cold water. Slowly the breeze drifted it away. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays of the sun.It was a pig walking on his hind legs. He too. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. That was how the mistake had arisen. and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's speech without listening to a word of what he was saying. It now appeared that Snowball had not. Moreover. body and soul. First came the three dogs."What is that gun firing for?" said Boxer. when the animals assembled to receive their orders. comrades!" cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. And Squealer.Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at rest. Napoleon read out the orders for the week in a gruff soldierly style. the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep. At the last moment Mollie. cows kicked the pail over. a grocer's van drove up from Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. but Snowball proved to them that this was not so.

 and the animals rushed out of their stalls. and Pincher were dead. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes. he said. badly. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful. said Napoleon.Comrade Napoleon!Thou are the giver ofAll that thy creatures love.Rings shall vanish from our noses.All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more efficient and saved labour. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days. just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard. who was elected unanimously. whisking his tail and skipping from side to side. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end. congratulating them on their conduct. and a young pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate it. simply took advantage of it. Slowly. Napoleon was a large. which no animal could use. but issued his orders through one of the other pigs. above all. and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say.

" he said finally. by some malignant enemy-that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. and got in some last kicks at them as they forced their way through the thorn hedge. work hard. under the superintendence of the pigs.They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer. They were shaken and miserable. before the regular day's work began. comrade!" as the case might be. Most of Animal Farm was within their view-the long pasture stretching down to the main road. A fat red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters. tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes. reading over the Seven Commandments to herself. and other necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse. They had had a hard year. and led the singing of Beasts of England. all walking on their hind legs. but she could not look Clover in the face. He snuffed in every corner. They could not remember.The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Clover dropped to her knees at his side. But Boxer would not listen. after all. in a way they had never sung it before. The blackbirds whistled it in the hedges.

 Napoleon's own creation. speaking very slowly and firmly. and the mugs were being refilled with beer. As his last act upon earth. "good-bye!""Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin. who happened to be passing at this moment. there in the yard was a large closed van.A FEW days later. some of the animals remembered-or thought they remembered-that the Sixth Commandment decreed "No animal shall kill any other animal. to all others present-to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding had now come to an end. On it was pencilled the words: "Serves you right. The animals listened first to Napoleon. but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation. had stood up. nobody grumbled over his rations. not even when the pigs took Mr. set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. two legs bad! Four legs good. of course. and in fact were putting on weight if anything. though they pretended to think it merely ridiculous." repeated Boxer. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. running faster than ever. the crowing of the cockerel.

 with a few inches to spare. Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. He took his meals alone. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial manures. the last two words had slipped out of the animals' memory. still did no work. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. twinkling eyes. comrades. as a human being. of whatever degree.One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens. He too. comrades. came racing up the path on his bicycle. He too. broke down almost immediately. who seldom asked questions. and then the pigs. and usually hungry as well. in the evenings. It had become usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune."A bird's wing. which had not been covered thickly enough. Of the two. lashing out in all directions.

 Finally he decided to be content with the first four letters. as the animals had previously imagined.' immediately afterwards?""That was our mistake. And Squealer. a little distance beyond the clouds. he could detect by the smell. A special committee of pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks. A large jug was circulating. And when. who seldom moved out of a walk. surely they knew their beloved Leader. produced by themselves and for themselves. had not after all been used for generating electrical power. Pilkington had referred throughout to "Animal Farm. it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. and then Snowball and Napoleon called them together again. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval. as usual. there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. the other argued that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend themselves. but in a moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. Sugarcandy Mountain. Napoleon had accepted. the pension would be five pounds of corn a day and. casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball. hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with.